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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Noether's normalization lemma ： ウィキペディア英語版 Noether normalization lemma In mathematics, the Noether normalization lemma is a result of commutative algebra, introduced by Emmy Noether in 1926. A simple version states that for any field ''k'', and any finitely generated commutative ''k''-algebra ''A'', there exists a nonnegative integer ''d'' and algebraically independent elements ''y''1, ''y''2, ..., ''y''''d'' in ''A'' such that ''A'' is a finitely generated module over the polynomial ring ''S'':=''k''(''y''2, ..., ''y''''d'' ). The integer ''d'' is uniquely determined; it is the Krull dimension of the ring ''A''. When ''A'' is an integral domain, ''d'' is also the transcendence degree of the field of fractions of ''A'' over ''k''. The theorem has a geometric interpretation. Suppose ''A'' is integral. Let ''S'' be the coordinate ring of the ''d''-dimensional affine space $\backslash mathbb\; A^d\_k$, and ''A'' as the coordinate ring of some other ''d''-dimensional affine variety ''X''. Then the inclusion map ''S'' → ''A'' induces a surjective finite morphism of affine varieties $X\backslash to\; \backslash mathbb\; A^d\_k$. The conclusion is that any affine variety is a branched covering of affine space. When ''k'' is infinite, such a branched covering map can be constructed by taking a general projection from an affine space containing ''X'' to a ''d''-dimensional subspace. More generally, in the language of schemes, the theorem can equivalently be stated as follows: every affine ''k''-scheme (of finite type) ''X'' is finite over an affine ''n''-dimensional space. The theorem can be refined to include a chain of ideals of ''R'' (equivalently, closed subsets of ''X'') that are finite over the affine coordinate subspaces of the appropriate dimensions. The form of the Noether normalization lemma stated above can be used as an important step in proving Hilbert's Nullstellensatz. This gives it further geometric importance, at least formally, as the Nullstellensatz underlies the development of much of classical algebraic geometry. The theorem is also an important tool in establishing the notions of Krull dimension for ''k''-algebras. == Proof == The following proof is due to Nagata and is taken from Mumford's red book. A proof in the geometric flavor is also given in the page 127 of the red book and (this mathoverflow thread ). The ring ''A'' in the lemma is generated as ''k''-algebra by elements, say, $y\_1,\; ...,\; y\_m$ such that $y\_1,\; ...,\; y\_d$ (some ''d'') are algebraically independent over ''k'' and the rest are algebraic over $k(...,\; y\_d)$.〔cf. Exercise 16 in Ch. 5 of Atiyah-MacDonald, Introduction to commutative algebra.〕 We shall induct on ''m''. If $m\; =\; d$, then the assertion is trivial. Assume now $m\; >\; d$. It is enough to show that there is a subring ''S'' of ''A'' that is generated by $m-1$ elements and is such that ''A'' is finite over ''S'', for, by inductive hypothesis, we can find algebraically independent elements $x\_1,\; ...,\; x\_d$ of ''S'' such that ''S'' is finite over $k(...,\; x\_d)$. Since $m\; >\; d$, there is a nonzero polynomial ''f'' in ''m'' variables over ''k'' such that :$f(y\_1,\; ...,\; y\_m)\; =\; 0$. Given an integer ''r'' which is determined later, set :$z\_i\; =\; y\_i\; -\; y\_1^,\; ...,\; z\_m\; +\; y\_1^\; \backslash prod\_2^m\; (z\_i\; +\; y\_1^,\; a\; \backslash in\; k,$ looks :$a\; y\_1^,\; ...,\; z\_m\; +\; y\_1^\}$ are also integral over that ring, ''A'' is integral over ''S''. It follows ''A'' is finite over ''S''. If ''A'' is an integral domain, then ''d'' is the transcendence degree of its field of fractions. Indeed, ''A'' and $S\; =\; k(...,\; y\_d)$ have the same transcendence degree (i.e., the degree of the field of fractions) since the field of fractions of ''A'' is algebraic over that of ''S'' (as ''A'' is integral over ''S'') and ''S'' obviously has transcendence degree ''d''. Thus, it remains to show the Krull dimension of the polynomial ring ''S'' is ''d''. (this is also a consequence of dimension theory.) We induct on ''d'', $d=0$ being trivial. Since $0\; \backslash subsetneq\; (y\_1)\; \backslash subsetneq\; (y\_1,\; y\_2)\; \backslash subsetneq\; \backslash cdots\; \backslash subsetneq\; (y\_1,\; \backslash dots,\; y\_d)$ is a chain of prime ideals, the dimension is at least ''d''. To get the reverse estimate, let $0\; \backslash subsetneq\; \backslash mathfrak\_1\; \backslash subsetneq\; \backslash cdots\; \backslash subsetneq\; \backslash mathfrak\_m$ be a chain of prime ideals. Let $0\; \backslash ne\; u\; \backslash in\; \backslash mathfrak\_1$. We apply the noether normalization and get $T\; =\; k(z\_2,\; \backslash dots,\; z\_d)$ (in the normalization process, we're free to choose the first variable) such that ''S'' is integral over ''T''. By inductive hypothesis, $T/(u)$ has dimension ''d'' - 1. By incomparability, $\backslash mathfrak\_i\; \backslash cap\; T$ is a chain of length $m$ and then, in $T/(\backslash mathfrak\_1\; \backslash cap\; T)$, it becomes a chain of length $m-1$. Since $\backslash operatorname\; T/(\backslash mathfrak\_1\; \backslash cap\; T)\; \backslash le\; \backslash operatorname\; T/(u)$, we have $m\; -\; 1\; \backslash le\; d\; -\; 1$. Hence, $\backslash dim\; S\; \backslash le\; d$. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Noether normalization lemma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.